Basic Concepts of Information Systems

1. System There are two groups of approaches in defining the system, namely the emphasis on procedures and the emphasis on the components or elements. Systems approach that put more emphasis on defining the procedures of this system is as follows: A system is a network of procedures that are interconnected, gathered together to perform an activity or to accomplish a particular goal. Approach which is a networking system of procedure emphasizes the sequence of operations within the system. Systems approach that put more emphasis on the elements or components define the system as follows: The system is a collection of elements that interact to achieve a certain goal. Systems approach which is a collection of elements or components or subsystems is a broader definition and more acceptable because it is in fact a system composed of several subsystem or part systems. The components or subsystems within a system can not stand alone, all interacting with each other and are interconnected to form a unity so that the target system can be achieved. 1.1. System Characteristics A system should be entitled characteristics or specific traits, which have components (components), limit (boundary), the environment outside the system (environments), link (interface), the input (input), output (output), processing (process) , and targets (objectives) or destination (goal). a. System Components A system consists of several components that interact with each other, which means cooperate with each other to form a union. The components of the system or system elements can be a subsystem or the parts of the system. Each system no matter however small, always contain components or subsystems. Each subsystem has the properties of the subsystem to perform a specific function and influence the overall system. A system can have a larger system called the supra system, for example a company may be referred to as a system is in industries with larger systems can be called the supra system. If the industry is seen as a system, then the company can be called a subsystem. Similarly, if the company is seen as a system, the accounting system are subsystems. If the accounting system is seen as a system, the company is a supra system and industry is a supra from the supra system. b. Limit system System boundary (boundary) is an area that limits between a system with other systems or with the environment outside. Boundary system allows a system is installed as a whole. Boundary of a system indicates the scope (scope) of the system. c. Environment outside the system External environment (environment) of a system is beyond any boundary of the system that affect system operation. Outside the system environment can be beneficial and can be detrimental to the system. Favorable external environment is the energy of the system and thus must be kept and maintained. Moderate adverse external environment should be retained and controlled, otherwise it will interfere with the viability of the system. d. Connector system Connector (interface) is a media liaison between one subsystem with another subsystem. Through this interface allows resources to flow from one subsystem to another subsystem. Output (output) from one subsystem will be one input (input) for the other subsystems and going through the liaison. By connecting one subsystem can be integrated with other subsystems to form a unity. e. Input system Input (input) is the energy put into the system. Input can be either input equipment (maintenence input) and input signal (input signal). Mantenance energy input is processed to obtain the output. For example in a computer system, the program is the maintenance inputs used to operate the computer while data is input signal to be processed into information. f. Output system A system can have a processing section that will change inputs into outputs. A production system will process the input of raw materials and other materials into outputs in the form of finished goods. The accounting system will process the transactions into financial statements and other reports required by management. g. Target system A system must have a purpose (goal) or target (objective). If the system does not have a target, then the operating system will not be any good. The objectives of the system is critical at all, required system inputs and outputs to be produced system. 1.2. Classification system The system can be classified from several perspectives, including the following: a) The system of abstract and physical systems. Abstract system is a system of thoughts or ideas that do not appear physically. For example the system of theology, namely in the form of systems thinking the relationship between man and god. Physical system merupan existing systems are physically eg computer systems, accounting systems and production systems. b) a natural system (natural system) and system of man-made (human made system). Natural system is a system that occurs through natural processes, such as the earth's rotation system. Man-made systems are systems designed by humans. Man-made system that involves interaction between human and machine is called with the human machine system or there is a call to the man machine system, because it involves the use of computers that interact with humans. c) a particular system (deterministic system) and indeterminate systems (probabilistic system). Particular system operates with a certain behavior is predictable. Inteaksi between the parts can be detected with certainty, so that the output of the system can be foreseen. Computer systems are examples of a particular system behavior can be ascertained on the basis of the programs that run. Indeterminate system is a system that conditions the future is unpredictable because it contains elements of probability. d) a closed system (closed system) and open system (open system). Closed system is a system that is not related and not influenced by the environment outside. This system works automatically without any intervene from the outside party. Theoretically there is a closed system, but the fact no system is completely closed there is only Relatively Closed System (relatively closed, not completely closed), is an open system is a system-related and affected by external environment. This system receives inputs and produces output to the outside environment or other subsystems, because the systems are open and tepengaruh by external environment, then a system must have a good control system. Both systems should be designed in such a way that is relatively closed because the closed system will work automatically and open to the influence of a fine. 2. Information Information is data that is processed into a form that is more useful and more meaningful for those who receive it, while the data is a source of information that describes an event (a collection of facts). Information system, according to Leitel and Davis in his book "Accounting Information System" defines that: The information system is a system within an organization that brings the needs of daily transaction processing, support the operations, managerial and strategic activities of an organization and provide certain outside parties with the necessary reports. A common definition, information system is defined as a system within an organization that processes the data into a form more useful for reaching a goal.
3. Information Systems Development Development means the system can arrange a new system to replace the old system as a whole or to improve existing systems. The system has long needs to be repaired or even replaced, can be caused by several things, among which: 1. Mistakes are not deliberate, that cause the truth is less reliable data. 2. No efficiency of data processing operations. 3. The existence of the instructions or policy of the new well from leaders or from outside organizations such as government regulations.